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For about 100 years, Latter-day Saint women were able to give blessings with consecrated oil by the laying on of hands. In contrast, today, blessings are only given by ordained priesthood officers. I wanted to know what changed. And I knew just where to start, because one of our previous guests, historian Jonathan Stapley, co-wrote an 85-page article on precisely this question with Kristine Wright. I locked in, and what I found is a game-changer. Let’s lay some groundwork:
I learned that female ritual healing began in the Church in Kirtland, Ohio, in the 1830s. When Wilford Woodruff was sick in 1838, his wife gave him a blessing. In 1837, there were patriarchal blessings “specifically instructing women to administer to the sick by the laying on of hands.” And they did. It was a normal part of LDS culture. The women who gave blessings would not invoke priesthood authority, but oftentimes, neither would the men. Men blessed women. Women blessed men. Parents would bless their children. If you had faith in Christ, you could participate.
On April 28th, 1842, Joseph Smith gave a landmark discourse to the Relief Society in Nauvoo. “Respecting the female laying on hands, he further remark’d, there could be no devil in it if God gave his sanction by healing— that there could be no more sin in any female laying hands on the sick than in wetting the face with water— that it is no sin for any body to do it that has faith, or if the sick has faith to be heal’d by the administration.”
At the end of his remarks, he “offered instruction respecting the propriety of females administering to the sick by the laying on of hands— said it was according to revelation….”
This female culture of healing only grew stronger as the Saints moved west to Utah. Both men and women were widely recognized in the Church as healers. Women in Utah even washed, anointed, and blessed pregnant women before childbirth — a practice that became extremely common and was endorsed by church leadership.
Since Joseph clearly approved of women giving blessings, I wondered if maybe Brigham Young was responsible at some point for putting the kibosh on it. As it turns out, I was very wrong. He encouraged it on various occasions, my favorite being in 1869 when he taught women, “Why do you not live so as to rebuke disease? It is your privilege to do so without sending for the Elders…. It is the privilege of a mother to have faith and to administer to her child; this she can do herself, as well as sending for the Elders to have the benefit of their faith.”
Fast forward to 1880, and Brigham Young’s successor, John Taylor, sent out this letter, which you can pause and read, reaffirming again the role women played in administering to the sick.
Joseph Smith approved. Brigham Young approved. John Taylor approved. Wilford Woodruff approved. I was over 30 pages into this article, and it was abundantly clear that this practice was long-standing, widespread, and leader-approved. But I still didn’t know what changed, and why. So I kept going.
And I learned that there’s not necessarily a simple answer. There was no groundbreaking revelation that prompted a sudden policy shift. The reality is that there was a cocktail of different factors and influences that slowly chipped away at this practice over time. Here are 4 of the biggest factors:
- Shifting language: In 1900, a Relief Society presidency sent a letter to the First Presidency, asking if, quote, “the Sisters [have] a right to seal the washing and anointing, using no authority, but doing it in the name of Jesus Christ,—or should men holding the priesthood be called in?” The Relief Society general president responded, saying that sisters could anoint and seal the anointing. But the response also said this:
“President [Joseph F.] Smith expressed himself to the effect that in his opinion the word ‘seal’ should not be used by the sisters at all, but that the word ‘confirm’ might be substituted, and that it should be used not in an authoritative way but in the spirit of invocation.”
It’s not clear what the difference between sealing and confirming was at this time, but optically, it sent the message that the participation of priesthood holders in blessings of healing was the ideal. This change was somewhat controversial at the time. One prominent member of the Relief Society noted “that if women could not seal, then ‘thousands’ of Church members ‘were laboring under a very serious mistake.’” Nonetheless, the change was adopted, and the practice of women’s sealing anointings tapered off over the next couple of decades.
2. Canonization: Joseph’s foundational 1842 discourse was never canonized, but D&C 42 was, which emphasizes calling upon the elders of the Church to administer to the sick, as does James chapter 5 in the New Testament. Thus, in 1903, the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve moved “that the practice be confined to the elders; but in the case of absolute necessity … he may, if opportunity affords, avail himself of the company of a member of the Aaronic Priesthood, or even a lay member…”
Even still, in 1905, the Relief Society banner still prioritized blessing the sick. And copies of Joseph Smith’s 1842 discourse were published in the 1913 and 1915 Relief Society periodicals.
3. Institutional primacy: “At the dawn of the Restoration, Mormons were the only American church with institutionalized ritual healing. Both Catholics and Protestants had abandoned the practice of ritual anointing for the healing of the sick.” But in the late 1800s, that started to change. Anointing and healing ritual started to become very popular within Protestantism. To further emphasize the Church’s unique offering, leaders started to increasingly associate healing with priesthood authority.
An editorial in a 1906 edition of the Elders Journal, for example, noted that “God is able and is willing to respond to the ardent, faithful prayers of His pleading children,” though healing with priesthood authority was “the official way marked out by our Lord”. This again sent the message that priesthood blessings were the ideal.
4. Codification: As the Church grew and matured, it had to go through a process of formalization and codification. But the codification of female ritual healing largely fell through the cracks, and became a matter of folk tradition quietly passed down orally, rather than surviving as a formal institutionalized practice. As leaders worked to flesh out the structures and duties of priesthood quorums, healing blessings became even more exclusively connected with priesthood authority.
Contrary to longstanding practice, President Charles W. Penrose taught in a 1921 general conference that women should not be set apart to administer to the sick, as that role belonged to the elders of the Church. Around the same time, healing blessings by both men and women were discontinued in the temple, and the Relief Society General Board ruled that “women should administer only in case of expectant mothers and when the Priesthood could not be obtained.”
By 1946, the dial had turned even further. Apostle Joseph Fielding Smith wrote that “While the authorities of the Church have ruled that it is permissible, under certain conditions and with the approval of the priesthood, for sisters to wash and anoint other sisters, yet they feel that it is far better for us to follow the plan the Lord has given us and send for the elders of the Church to come and administer to the sick and afflicted.” This instruction was sent out to local leaders and was included in the Relief Society handbook for decades.
Over time, the generation familiar with female ritual healing passed away, and the practice faded with them. Out of curiosity, I actually called up both of my grandmas, one born in 1932 and the other in 1943, and perhaps not surprisingly, they had never even heard of these practices before.
In the past, I’ve thought that blessings intrinsically required priesthood authority to function, but our history suggests otherwise. Instead, it seems that giving blessings is a task that has been delegated or assigned to priesthood officers. Could that assignment change in the future? I don’t see why not. At the same time, just because something was done differently in the past doesn’t mean that our current policy is uninspired or wrong. I don’t know what our future holds, but understanding our past has helped me make a lot more sense out of the present.
Now, if you find it concerning that different leaders have had such drastically different perspectives on this topic as time has passed, I highly suggest you watch this video, which provides a really helpful framework for questions like these. Please check it out, I’ll see you there!